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<node CREATED="1318070711781" ID="ID_1304879422" MODIFIED="1318116635578" TEXT="Why was the Treaty of Versailles destined to be a compromise that satisfied no-one?">
<node CREATED="1318244899671" ID="ID_1715300485" MODIFIED="1318834032625" POSITION="left" TEXT="Line of Argument: Conditions of Europe at the time meant that a logical solution that everyone completely agreed with was impossiible barring superhuman feats of negotiation">
<node CREATED="1318116249531" ID="ID_1221633499" MODIFIED="1318116296468" TEXT="Location">
<node CREATED="1318120021375" ID="ID_1253694501" MODIFIED="1318120030625" TEXT="Paris, France">
<node CREATED="1318119399781" ID="ID_1756892066" MODIFIED="1318119428421" TEXT="The location of the Paris Peace Conference was near where much of the fighting happened"/>
<node CREATED="1318119429062" ID="ID_370848855" MODIFIED="1318119461468" TEXT="The damage to the land was a constant reminder to the negotiators of the horror of the war"/>
<node CREATED="1318119466609" ID="ID_108889298" MODIFIED="1318119568281" TEXT="This along with the French demonstraters often there may have increased the feeling of revenge as they might have felt a duty to punish who they thought were to be blamed"/>
<node CREATED="1318119958906" ID="ID_356959950" MODIFIED="1318120007515" TEXT="This meant the decisions may have been made on emotion rather than logical thinking"/>
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<node CREATED="1318120044625" ID="ID_1848963720" MODIFIED="1318120059312" TEXT="Hall of Mirrors, Chateau De Versailles">
<node CREATED="1318120067859" ID="ID_211378862" MODIFIED="1318120169781" TEXT="The final signing of the treaty was done in the Hall of Mirrors"/>
<node CREATED="1318120170468" ID="ID_1241402189" MODIFIED="1318120212843" TEXT="This was the same room in which Germany had been proclaimed as a nation in 1871 after the France-Prussian War"/>
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<node CREATED="1318120238093" ID="ID_1557840594" MODIFIED="1318123106328" TEXT="From this it is clear that the general feeling of the treaty and of the conference was of revenge, as it was the French getting the Germans back for humiliating them 48 years eariler. That can be seen from the above French newspaper which says &apos;Your turn Germany&apos;"/>
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<node CREATED="1318116415906" ID="ID_1172924429" MODIFIED="1318123508031" TEXT="Hostilities in Eastern Europe">
<node CREATED="1318123512703" ID="ID_845379832" MODIFIED="1318124201531">
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<node CREATED="1318124237359" ID="ID_1499605219" MODIFIED="1318124297953" TEXT="Nationalistic Battles broke out between the Magyars of Austria, Poles, Czechs and other Slavs"/>
<node CREATED="1318124300281" ID="ID_1063213060" MODIFIED="1318124325546" TEXT="These were small, as they were small countries with small armies"/>
<node CREATED="1318124326296" ID="ID_455282230" MODIFIED="1318124356390" TEXT="However, it still had an effect on the Treaty of Versailles as this issue had to be addressed"/>
<node CREATED="1318124357000" ID="ID_236979850" MODIFIED="1318124393468" TEXT="As a result of this fighting Wilson&apos;s idea of countries bordered on race became more prominent"/>
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<node CREATED="1318116298531" ID="ID_949339380" MODIFIED="1318116303046" TEXT="Timing">
<node CREATED="1318116543343" ID="ID_416746054" MODIFIED="1318116556890" TEXT="Immediately after war">
<node CREATED="1318125587250" ID="ID_1600943479" MODIFIED="1318125625437" TEXT="The decision to make the peace conference almost immediately after the war was a mistake"/>
<node CREATED="1318125626296" ID="ID_1412910410" MODIFIED="1318125852937" TEXT="Tensions were still running high between the countries and this meant the negotiations were revenge based"/>
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<node CREATED="1318116557359" ID="ID_1053103721" MODIFIED="1318126990046" TEXT="They had to make the peace quickly and this added to the pressure">
<node CREATED="1318125879093" ID="ID_1332505649" MODIFIED="1318126849656" TEXT="The &apos;big three&apos; were also under a lot of pressure from their homefronts to make peace quickly"/>
<node CREATED="1318125915718" ID="ID_1538164383" MODIFIED="1318126993156" TEXT="For example Lloyd George had to deal with many groups in Britain">
<node CREATED="1318126372953" ID="ID_1992392472" MODIFIED="1318126628187" TEXT="The Union for Democratic Control. This was the most left wing major group on this issue in England. They believed secret treaties were the cause of the war  so Britain was partially to blame aswell."/>
<node CREATED="1318126475828" ID="ID_541251694" MODIFIED="1318126707593" TEXT="The New Europe Group. This group had Wilsonian ideals of democracy and liberalism, but differed to it as they saw Britain as the centre for this &apos;new europe&apos;"/>
<node CREATED="1318126710390" ID="ID_367514636" MODIFIED="1318126829734" TEXT="The Anit-Germans. This group was the most French-like as it contained a vengeful sentiment. Views like this became very popular after incidents such as the sinking of the British Leainster by Germans who were imprisioned on board"/>
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<node CREATED="1318126866359" ID="ID_738967946" MODIFIED="1318126965546" TEXT="It would be impossible to satisfy all and even if it were many historians argue that no-one would be able to make logical decisions under this pressure"/>
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<node CREATED="1318118386484" ID="ID_207967482" MODIFIED="1318118540687" TEXT="Variety of Countries and Languages">
<node CREATED="1318125076937" ID="ID_1544298050" MODIFIED="1318125127546" TEXT="Intially over 70 representatives from over 32 countries attended the peace conference"/>
<node CREATED="1318125129437" ID="ID_1193770092" MODIFIED="1318125172796" TEXT="This simply meant the talks were inefficient and no major decisions were made"/>
<node CREATED="1318125202140" ID="ID_1204945636" MODIFIED="1318125284531" TEXT="Clearly there were so many views to be heard there was no way everyone would be satisfied"/>
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<node CREATED="1318116495609" ID="ID_1255714954" MODIFIED="1318139638093" TEXT="Influenza Pandemic and Famine">
<node CREATED="1318124486515" ID="ID_1028377197" MODIFIED="1318124510015" TEXT="Influenza Pandemic">
<node CREATED="1318124435609" ID="ID_61064036" MODIFIED="1318124476781" TEXT="Immediately after the war an Influenza Pandemic spread over the world killing approximately 40 million people"/>
<node CREATED="1318124522750" ID="ID_1582561038" MODIFIED="1318124569984" TEXT="This was made worse in Europe because of large population densities and malnutrition"/>
<node CREATED="1318124588875" ID="ID_1249923491" MODIFIED="1318124794140" TEXT="This increased tension and at some points enemy countries were even being blamed for the spread of the disease"/>
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<node CREATED="1318124706718" ID="ID_1738016723" MODIFIED="1318124716406" TEXT="Famine">
<node CREATED="1318124805906" ID="ID_791653294" MODIFIED="1318124821703" TEXT="This was also immediately after the war which was its cause"/>
<node CREATED="1318124822203" ID="ID_767035884" MODIFIED="1318125056968" TEXT="The fighting damaged the economies and agriculture of many countries which then did not have enough food"/>
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    <p>
      This affected the treaty because:
    </p>
    <p>
      a) The negotiators had other pressing issues (these) on their minds
    </p>
    <p>
      b) This increased tension meant the treaty was often based more on anger rather than logical reasoning and thinking about consecquences
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<node CREATED="1318116735921" ID="ID_822289488" MODIFIED="1318116748406" TEXT="Conflict Within Government">
<node CREATED="1318116838406" ID="ID_1855996080" MODIFIED="1318840909234" TEXT="Britain">
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<node CREATED="1318116844453" ID="ID_1660022005" MODIFIED="1318116892265" TEXT="David Lloyd George held views that were not as harsh as the majority of the public"/>
<node CREATED="1318116893437" ID="ID_1009505738" MODIFIED="1318116996484" TEXT="He believed an overly harsh penalty would create a feeling of revenge in Germany, and then when they got strong again, conflict would again arise"/>
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<node CREATED="1318117009750" ID="ID_153058401" MODIFIED="1318130292781" TEXT="However he could not go against the feelings of his voters, the British public, and so had to compromise there in itself due to the nature of politics. This was exemplified as there was a British election on 18th December 1918 meaning Lloyd George may have made promises he didnt want to make. He once promised he would &apos;make them pay&apos;."/>
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<node CREATED="1318117381843" ID="ID_476151668" MODIFIED="1318117386187" TEXT="America">
<node CREATED="1318117387000" ID="ID_1952969002" MODIFIED="1318118065187" TEXT="Wilson and the Democrats had been in power for the during of the peace making process but then the Republicans came into power"/>
<node CREATED="1318118066250" ID="ID_1896559554" MODIFIED="1318118128921" TEXT="They wanted a very harsh peace, a view that was opposed to Wilson&apos;s and the Democrat&apos;s"/>
<node CREATED="1318118130093" ID="ID_1710326280" MODIFIED="1318118209000" TEXT="This meant America did not even ratify the Treaty of Versailles and were initially not part of the League of Nations, which was Wilson&apos;s own idea"/>
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<node CREATED="1318116466234" ID="ID_988339206" MODIFIED="1318116470203" TEXT="Communism">
<node CREATED="1318139523140" ID="ID_1009459560" MODIFIED="1318139587671" TEXT="Russia was Communist, there had been revolutions in Hungary and Bavaria and Communism was a threat to the whole of Eastern Europe"/>
<node CREATED="1318139513109" ID="ID_1960713475" MODIFIED="1318139522531" TEXT="This was another issue for them to deal with"/>
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<node CREATED="1318116368609" ID="ID_1574359412" MODIFIED="1318256159656" TEXT="Summary Point: Populism and Revenge">
<node CREATED="1318122011343" ID="ID_398335458" MODIFIED="1318122114703" TEXT="First meeting was the anniversary of the proclamation of Germany">
<node CREATED="1318130583687" ID="ID_637568629" MODIFIED="1318130687796" TEXT="The first meeting of the Paris Peace Conference was 18th January 1919 which was the 48th anniversary of the proclamation of Germany"/>
<node CREATED="1318130496578" ID="ID_1343256204" MODIFIED="1318130581984" TEXT="This was similar to the choosing of the location of the signing of the treaty in that it clearly showed the talks would be very anti-German"/>
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<node CREATED="1318127696000" ID="ID_1038795589" MODIFIED="1318127770187" TEXT="Populations were demanding revenge and their own nations states">
<node CREATED="1318127771468" ID="ID_1640848134" MODIFIED="1318127806984" TEXT="A state of anarchy was emerging and government decisions were often not being accepted"/>
<node CREATED="1318129072140" ID="ID_217662189" MODIFIED="1318129125281" TEXT="Many people opposed reconciliation as the horror of the damage around them and the loss of their loved ones was still at the stop of their minds"/>
<node CREATED="1318129127578" ID="ID_1639926376" MODIFIED="1318129655406" TEXT="Furthermore many politicians had even promised revenge, even if they didnt believe it was the best idea, to get votes. For example Sir Eric Geddes, a British MP, said, &apos;We shall squeeze the German Lemon untill the pips squeak&apos;."/>
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<node CREATED="1318130326156" ID="ID_205930871" MODIFIED="1318130483968" TEXT="This again had serious consecquences on the talks as they became talks of revenge and not of how to create peace. This meant people like Woodrow Wilson would not be satisfied at all and that the Treaty of Versailles would not be very successful"/>
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<node CREATED="1318125305031" ID="ID_865153637" MODIFIED="1318256167703" TEXT="Summary Point: Pressure">
<node CREATED="1318125321078" ID="ID_1768332402" MODIFIED="1318138692687" TEXT="All of these elements, including media, timing, location and infuenza pandemic, would have put significant pressure on the negotiators"/>
<node CREATED="1318125440828" ID="ID_1466731749" MODIFIED="1318125471765" TEXT="To expect them to make decisions that &apos;predicted the future would be unreasonable and superhuman&apos;"/>
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<node CREATED="1318244813515" ID="ID_1416524044" MODIFIED="1318835787234" POSITION="right" TEXT="Line of Argument: Widely differing aims for the terms of the Treaty of Versailles meant that all of these goals could not be satisfied">
<node CREATED="1318116235750" ID="ID_1889674430" MODIFIED="1318835789312" TEXT="Differing Goals">
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<node CREATED="1318130971609" ID="ID_12298661" MODIFIED="1318835791156" TEXT="France">
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<node CREATED="1318131170812" ID="ID_1073456455" MODIFIED="1318835793906" TEXT="France had been hit the hardest by the war as the Western Front had been mainly on their soil">
<node CREATED="1318131266937" ID="ID_1929903596" MODIFIED="1318835793921" TEXT="People: 1390000, which was 10%, of the active male population was dead">
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<node CREATED="1318131280656" ID="ID_624569819" MODIFIED="1318833958687" TEXT="Property: Over 350000 houses were destroyed or badly damaged"/>
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<node CREATED="1318131431265" ID="ID_1869237221" MODIFIED="1318131791140" TEXT="This compounded with the historical rivalry against Germany from the humiliating loss in the Franco-Prussian war and conflict over Alsace-Lorraine, meant hatred against Germany was extreme. Thus the French treaty goals were revenge based"/>
<node CREATED="1318131808578" ID="ID_355429415" MODIFIED="1318835793984" TEXT="Georges Clemenceau: the Tiger">
<node CREATED="1318834604796" ID="ID_130741230" MODIFIED="1318834634734" TEXT="Held similar views to his public. He HATED the Germans"/>
<node CREATED="1318834644062" ID="ID_193064145" MODIFIED="1318838984875" TEXT="&apos;There are 20 million Germans too many&apos;">
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<node CREATED="1318131856640" ID="ID_915693260" MODIFIED="1318835793984" TEXT="Revenge and Punishment">
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<node CREATED="1318834280609" ID="ID_85252853" MODIFIED="1318834284312" TEXT="He wanted to punish Germany for what he believed they had done"/>
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<node CREATED="1318834297687" ID="ID_1866852398" MODIFIED="1318835793984" TEXT="Germany should pay">
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<node CREATED="1318132001421" ID="ID_965353368" MODIFIED="1318132055984" TEXT="He believed the war was Germany&apos;s fault and that they should pay the reparations"/>
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<node CREATED="1318834320984" ID="ID_1875070433" MODIFIED="1318835793984" TEXT="Security">
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<node CREATED="1318131936171" ID="ID_914563021" MODIFIED="1318132076984" TEXT="He wanted to secure France from any future German invasion"/>
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<node CREATED="1318834785546" ID="ID_1801133695" MODIFIED="1318835793984" TEXT="So what specific terms did he want to do this?">
<node CREATED="1318132093796" ID="ID_642836531" MODIFIED="1318834829296" TEXT="Bringing Germany to its knees">
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<node CREATED="1318132194968" ID="ID_950629911" MODIFIED="1318835793984" TEXT="Significant economic and resource payments to be made to France">
<node CREATED="1318834848953" ID="ID_945674379" MODIFIED="1318834904921" TEXT="Much of this done through French occupation of then-German Saar land which was rich in coal supplies"/>
<node CREATED="1318834995609" ID="ID_89274812" MODIFIED="1318835017812" TEXT="Also done through direct German payment to France"/>
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<node CREATED="1318834956406" ID="ID_704881645" MODIFIED="1318835794000" TEXT="Rhine Frontier: He wanted Rhineland to become an independent state">
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<node CREATED="1318835266906" ID="ID_1205812787" MODIFIED="1318835292500" TEXT="Fulfil goal for security"/>
<node CREATED="1318835302078" ID="ID_1817577422" MODIFIED="1318835333203" TEXT="This state would provide a block Germany would have to get through if they wanted to invade France"/>
<node CREATED="1318835342078" ID="ID_1254766518" MODIFIED="1318835381203" TEXT="Large resource and money payment would also make Germany&apos;s army falter making Germany less of a threat to France"/>
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<node CREATED="1319109761031" ID="ID_1785560663" MODIFIED="1319109768359" TEXT="Justification">
<node CREATED="1319109769265" ID="ID_1476779360" MODIFIED="1319109777687" TEXT="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk"/>
<node CREATED="1319109778015" ID="ID_1242177268" MODIFIED="1319109790281" TEXT="Tradition of &apos;woe to the conquered&apos;"/>
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<node CREATED="1318130961343" ID="ID_560043808" MODIFIED="1318835802515" TEXT="Britain">
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<node CREATED="1318133052953" ID="ID_1466434634" MODIFIED="1318835923640" TEXT="Build upon its empire through territory, money and navy">
<node CREATED="1318835945390" ID="ID_184559800" MODIFIED="1318835963812" TEXT="Prevention of any country, including France, from dominating Europe">
<node CREATED="1318836056328" ID="ID_1018994952" MODIFIED="1318836077015" TEXT="French desire was basically take all of Germany&apos;s power for themselves"/>
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<node CREATED="1318139867140" ID="ID_1561049824" MODIFIED="1318139911687" TEXT="Germany to be brought to justice, not punished for revenge"/>
<node CREATED="1318836094687" ID="ID_672635220" MODIFIED="1318836110937" TEXT="Increase British colonial possessions">
<node CREATED="1318836113781" ID="ID_1920823766" MODIFIED="1318836128593" TEXT="Especially Middle East for oil"/>
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<node CREATED="1318836155390" ID="ID_801875821" MODIFIED="1318836211359" TEXT="Restore European trade to prewar conditions to recoup what Britain had lost">
<node CREATED="1318836193468" ID="ID_1933538517" MODIFIED="1318836240328" TEXT="Lift trade blockade on Germany"/>
<node CREATED="1318836243984" ID="ID_1176063407" MODIFIED="1318836268718" TEXT="Germany was one of Britain&apos;s major trading partners and they didn&apos;t want to lose it"/>
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<node CREATED="1318134971265" ID="ID_1720857662" MODIFIED="1318837254562" TEXT="Lloyd George had promised the British electorate revenge to secure his election">
<node CREATED="1318836644390" ID="ID_671721687" MODIFIED="1318838976765" TEXT="In his election campaign he said he would &apos;Make them pay&apos;">
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<node CREATED="1318134994078" ID="ID_175529472" MODIFIED="1318135092296" TEXT="Destruction of the German fleet"/>
<node CREATED="1318135092796" ID="ID_323500596" MODIFIED="1318135106078" TEXT="Destruction of the German colonial empire"/>
<node CREATED="1318135824625" ID="ID_1648992419" MODIFIED="1318836423562" TEXT="He did argue for these but he believed that a harsh peace could cause future conflict">
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<node CREATED="1318136350609" ID="ID_1814004409" MODIFIED="1318835807609" TEXT="Lloyd George often found himself in between Clemenceau and Wilson. He believed their views were too extreme">
<node CREATED="1318136388859" ID="ID_713345110" MODIFIED="1318838940781" TEXT="When asked how he thought he had done at the Versailles Conference he replied, &apos;Not badly considering I was seated between Jesus Christ and Napoleon&apos;">
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<node CREATED="1318836368703" ID="ID_834945663" MODIFIED="1318836370203" TEXT="This shows he thought Wilson was too much of an idealist, and Clemenceau too brash"/>
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<node CREATED="1318130981765" ID="ID_1078824602" MODIFIED="1318835801656" TEXT="America">
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<node CREATED="1318837565265" ID="ID_45543294" MODIFIED="1318837574406" TEXT="Very idealistic">
<node CREATED="1318837931781" ID="ID_498138514" MODIFIED="1318837985890" TEXT="America was least affected by the war"/>
<node CREATED="1318837987781" ID="ID_96792678" MODIFIED="1318837988890" TEXT="A likely reason why they wanted terms which were least harsh against Germany"/>
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<node CREATED="1318136217531" ID="ID_1075949492" MODIFIED="1318837600031" TEXT="On 8th January 1918 when he made the &apos;Fourteen Point Speech&apos; to Congress. Here he outlined the fourteen points he believed would lead to peace">
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<node CREATED="1318837612937" ID="ID_281372976" MODIFIED="1318837794875" TEXT="An organisation for all countries">
<node CREATED="1318837795796" ID="ID_254796718" MODIFIED="1318838946984" TEXT="&apos;great and small states alike&apos;">
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<node CREATED="1318837688484" ID="ID_1765658830" MODIFIED="1318837772796" TEXT="Open diplomacy">
<node CREATED="1318837773687" ID="ID_159303128" MODIFIED="1318838949000" TEXT="&apos;proceed always frankly and in the public view&apos;">
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<node CREATED="1318837718421" ID="ID_1412499517" MODIFIED="1318837732812" TEXT="No secret treaties">
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<node CREATED="1318837807250" ID="ID_379043151" MODIFIED="1318837999046" TEXT="Self-determination and democracy">
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<node CREATED="1318837845109" ID="ID_287147247" MODIFIED="1318838953234" TEXT="Believed &apos;man was good and the collective free expression of the will of man would be a beneficial force&apos;">
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<node CREATED="1318837874984" ID="ID_1264826234" MODIFIED="1318838958500" TEXT="&apos;make the world safe for democracy&apos; which he believed would create peace">
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<node CREATED="1318838007203" ID="ID_1361710155" MODIFIED="1318838034437" TEXT="Removal of empires and racially based national borders instead">
<node CREATED="1318838035437" ID="ID_1747618563" MODIFIED="1318838059984" TEXT="Especially for the countries of Europe"/>
<node CREATED="1318838060468" ID="ID_1595351029" MODIFIED="1318838599828" TEXT="Unfortunately for his ideas he was not specific as he did not have a detailed understanding of the races in Europe"/>
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<node CREATED="1318138165250" ID="ID_819547805" MODIFIED="1318838821156" TEXT="Evacuation and restoration of all invaded areas by the aggressor">
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<node CREATED="1318838747921" ID="ID_1538073462" MODIFIED="1318838751125" TEXT="This meant the blame would be spread and therefore so would reparations"/>
<node CREATED="1318838751875" ID="ID_929377160" MODIFIED="1318838778171" TEXT="It wouldn&apos;t just be Germany&apos;s fault"/>
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<node CREATED="1318142634593" ID="ID_161391619" MODIFIED="1318838827125" TEXT="Disarmament, so countries only held the minimal amount of weapons needed">
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<node CREATED="1318838785375" ID="ID_1030999582" MODIFIED="1318838795218" TEXT="Again in an effort to keep peace"/>
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<node CREATED="1318138184093" ID="ID_1770104973" MODIFIED="1318138537453" TEXT="These were very progressive ideas, but Wilson did not work out the specifics of most of them. He argued for these very progressive ideals because he thought after seeing that long and terrible war, morality should prevail"/>
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<node CREATED="1318138865046" HGAP="11" ID="ID_169301747" MODIFIED="1318839311765" TEXT="Points of Conflict in Goals" VSHIFT="275">
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<node CREATED="1318138883687" ID="ID_1100812013" MODIFIED="1318839053890" TEXT="Britain and France wanted to expand their land and empires, but America wanted to remove empires and replace them with self-determining, racially based countries. This is shown through the rejection of Britain&apos;s claims to the Middle East and the giving of Germany&apos;s colonies to the League of Nations, not Britain or France."/>
<node CREATED="1318138942234" ID="ID_1311986757" MODIFIED="1318839258109" TEXT="Clemenceau believed Wilson&apos;s points were too idealistic and would simply never happen. He said, &apos;the good Lord Himself required only ten points&apos;, mocking the points">
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<node CREATED="1318139047656" ID="ID_1670459842" MODIFIED="1318139152578" TEXT="Britain and France blamed the war on Germany, while Wilson believed the blame should be spread"/>
<node CREATED="1318139198828" ID="ID_1705382426" MODIFIED="1318839253937" TEXT="Clemenceau and Lloyd George did not completely agree with Wilson&apos;s Fourteen Points. When Clemenceau asked, &apos;Have you ever been asked by President Wilson whether you accept the Fourteen points? I have not been asked&apos;, Lloyd George replied &apos;I have not been asked either&apos;.">
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<node CREATED="1318139396109" ID="ID_1392156717" MODIFIED="1318139493828" TEXT="Lloyd George believed Clemenceau wanted too much (the &apos;Napoleon&apos; reference)"/>
<node CREATED="1318140451000" HGAP="16" ID="ID_34891436" MODIFIED="1318839322671" TEXT="There was simply a too large variation in the goals of the different countries to leave everyone completely satisfied" VSHIFT="29"/>
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